The field of graphic designing and Web designing is growing day by day all over the world. You can see the influence of graphic designing in movies, cricket matches, and sometimes also in the news for demonstrating a particular incident. Graphics is very powerful and allows you to understand things in a better way. Sometimes a small picture can convey a message more precisely and clearly than through written text.
The prospects of Web development and designing are good and very much in demand these days. Every reputed organization, be it an educational institute or a company, is launching its Website, and people are searching websites for information on various topics.
The Adobe certification gets you certified in Graphic designing, Web designing, systems integration and software development by using Adobe software. It provides you recognition for expertise in Adobe products. The Adobe certification not only helps you enter into the industry but also helps managers determine a prospective employee's knowledge and skill level in Adobe technologies. Adobe provides different types of certifications such as ACE, ACE Specialist, ACE Master and ACI.
The ACE, ACE Specialist and ACE Master certifications prepare you for Graphic design and development. You can work as a Graphic designer, a Web designer, a System integrator or even a Developer. If you want to work as an instructor for Adobe products, you can go for the ACI certification.
You can prepare for Adobe exams with the help of exam simulators or Practice tests available in the market. The simulators are software that familiarize you with the real exam and help you clear the exam in the first attempt itself. uCertify is a leading provider of exam simulators for IT certification exams such as Adobe exams.
Adobe certifications can prove a milestone for your career. Many companies are offering good salary packages to Adobe certified professionals. You can upgrade your credentials by becoming an Adobe certified expert.The certification can help you get promotions, find a job, or promote your expertise if you are already an IT professional.
Adobe Certifications: a landmark in your career
About 9A0-054 Certification Exam
Q. What are the prerequisites for the 9A0-054 exam?
A.There are no prerequisites for the 9A0-054exam.
Q. What credit does the 9A0-054 exam provide?
A. On successful completion of the exam, you will be an Adobe Certified Expert (ACE), Adobe Photoshop CS3.
Q. Which certification does it covers?
A. After passing the 9A0-054 exam, you will earn credit towards the Adobe Certified Instructor (ACI), ACE Print Specialist, ACE Web Specialist, ACE Video Specialist, and ACE Master certifications.
Q. What are the areas on which the exam is focused?
A. The 9A0-054 exam tests the knowledge and skills of a candidate for using Photoshop CS3 software. It recognizes a candidate's ability to use the features and functions of the software to create attractive images, alter photographs and other artworks, retouch images, apply special effects on images, swap details between photos, and introduce text and logos in an image.
Q. What is the exam fee?
A. The cost of the exam is US$150. However, discounts may be available on the exam and you can get the details from your nearest Pearson VUE or Prometric Testing Center.
Q. Where to take the exam?
A. Adobe exams may be taken at Pearson VUE or prometric testing centers. There are more than five thousand authorized testing centers in many countries. You can register your exam in any center by phone, on the Web, or in-person.
Q. How can I register for my exam?
A. After you purchase your exam voucher, you can contact an authorized prometric or Pearson VUE center to schedule your exam date, time, and location. You can book the exam within one year from the date of purchase of the voucher. The exam date may depend on your choice (and availability of slot) in your selected test center.
Q. Which type of the exam is it? (Adaptive/Linear)
A. The 9A0-054 exam is in linear format.
Q. What are the types of questions asked in the exam?
A. Adobe exams are based on multiple-choice questions that contain four or more answer options. Multiple-choice questions are of three types: Multiple choice, Multiple response, and Sample directions. In addition, the exam also contains fill in the blank type of questions presented in multiple-choice format.
Q. How many questions are asked in the exam?
A. There are 75 questions in the exam.
Q. What is the duration of the exam?
A. Approximately 60 to 120 minutes.
Q. What is the passing score?
A. To pass, you need to score 60% .
Q. What is the exam retake policy?
A. If you fail in the 9A0-054 exam, you will have to purchase a new exam voucher to retake the exam. There is no wait time fixed between the two attempts.
Q. When will I get my certification kit?
A. Your score is automatically reported to Adobe. On successful completion of the exam, you will receive your Welcome Kit within two to four weeks from the date you pass the exam.
CompTIA 220-602 Certification Exam
The CompTIA A+ is being updated and from September 2006 candidates will have to take the CompTIA A+ Essential exam along with the CompTIA A+ 220-602 exam to gain CompTIA A+ credentials for A+ certified IT Technician. The CompTIA A+ 220-602 exam will focus on how to apply technology skills in specific job environments, such as IT Technician, IT Administrator, Service Technician, Field PC Technician, or Computer Technician. With the introduction of the 2006 A+, candidates will have to lay emphasis on Windows 2000, XP, and 2003 versions. The new pattern of CompTIA A+ IT Technician has specified more than twenty objectives, which are grouped under eight topics. Following are some important areas in which an individual should possess good knowledge before taking the 220-602 IT Technician test:
1. Adding, removing, and configuring personal computer components.
2. Performing preventive maintenance of personal computer components.
3. Identifying appropriate applications for laptop-specific communication connections such as Bluebonnet, infrared, cellular WAN, and Ethernet.
4. Identifying appropriate laptop-specific power and electrical input devices and determining how amperage and voltage can affect performance.
5. Using command-line functions and utilities, including proper syntaxes and switches, to manage operating systems.
6. Locating and using operating system utilities and available switches.
7. Identifying procedures and utilities used to optimize operating systems.
8. Identifying tools, diagnostic procedures, and troubleshooting techniques for operating systems.
9. Performing preventive maintenance on operating systems, including software and Windows updates, e.g., service packs, scheduled backups/restores, restore points, etc.
10. Installing and configuring printers and scanners.
11. Optimizing scanner performance including resolution, file format, and default settings.
12. Identifying appropriate tools used for troubleshooting and repairing printers and scanners.
13. Identifying the fundamental principles for networks.
14. Identifying names, purposes, and characteristics of basic network protocols and terminologies.
15. Installing, configuring, upgrading and optimizing security.
16. Identifying potential hazards and proper safety procedures, including power supply, display devices, and environment.
17. Communication and Professionalism.
18. Exhibiting job-related professional behavior, including notation of privacy, confidentiality, and respect for customers and their property
Everything About the Cisco 640-816 Certification Exam
Q. What is the pre-requisite for taking the Cisco 640-822 exam?
A. The ICND2 (640-816) exam is one of the two exams for achieving the CCNA certification.
The exam tests your ability to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. In order to pass this exam, you will have to cover the following topics:
* VLSM and IPv6 addressing
* Extending switched networks with VLANs
* Configuring, verifying and troubleshooting VLANs
* The VTP, RSTP, OSPF and EIGRP protocols
* determining IP routes
* Managing IP traffic with access lists
* NAT and DHCP
* establishing point-to- point connections
* Establishing Frame Relay connections
This test helps you if you want to work as a Network Administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional.
Q. What certification does the exam provide?
A. The ICND2 (640-816) exam is associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification.
Q. Which certification does the exam cover?
A. It is one of the two exams for achieving the CCNA certification.
Q. How many questions are asked in the exam?
A. You will be required to attempt approximately 45-55 questions.
Q. What is the duration of the exam?
A. You are required to attempt all the questions in 75 minutes.
Q. Which type of exam is it? (Adaptive/Linear)
A. This is a linear exam that consists of multiple choice, drag and drop, and simulation style questions. There are also case study type and exhibit based questions.
Q. What is the passing score?
A. Cisco does not publish the passing score of the exam, but it is generally considered that the passing score is 80%.
Q. What is the exam retake policy?
A. The following policies are implemented for the candidates who appear for the Cisco exams:
* Candidates who fail the exam must wait five calendar days before they may retake the same exam.
* Candidate who pass the exam must wait a minimum of 180 days before taking the same exam with an identical exam number.
Q. Where can the Cisco 640-816 exam be taken?
A. Cisco exams may be taken at Pearson VUE testing facilities.
Q. What is the exam fee?
A. The net price for taking the Cisco ICND2 (640-816) CCENT exam is US$125. It does not include applicable taxes, vouchers, promotions or membership discounts you may have.
Everything About Cisco 640-822 Certification
Q. What is the pre-requisite for taking the test Cisco 640-822?
A. The ICND1 (640-822) exam is the only requirement for achieving the latest entry-level CCENT certification from Cisco. It is also one of the two exams for achieving the CCNA certification. You now have to pass exams 640-822 and 640-816 if you opt for the two exams for your CCNA certification. The exam tests your ability to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small branch office network. There are no specific prerequisites for the ICND1 (640-822) test, and it is appropriate for you if you have knowledge in networking fundamentals, basic security and wireless concepts, routing and switching fundamentals, the TCP/IP and OSI models, IP addressing, WAN technologies, implementing NAT and DHCP, configuring simple networks, etc. This test is suitable for you if you want to work as a Network administrator, System Analyst or Network Support Professional.
Q. What certification does the exam provide?
A. The ICND1 (640-822) exam is the only requirement for achieving the latest entry-level CCENT certification from Cisco.
Q. Which certification does the exam cover?
A. It is one of the two exams for achieving the CCNA certification.
Q. How many questions are asked in the exam?
A. You will be required to attempt approximately 50-60 questions.
Q. What is the duration of the exam?
A. Users are required to attempt all questions in 90 minutes.
Q. Which type of exam is it? (Adaptive/Linear)
A. This is a linear exam that consists of multiple choice, drag and drop, and simulation style questions. There is also case study type and exhibit based questions.
Q. What is the passing score?
A. Cisco does not publish the passing score of the exam, but it is generally considered that the passing score is 80%.
Q. What is the exam retake policy?
A. The following policies are implemented for the candidates who appear for the Cisco exams:
* Candidates who fail an exam must wait a period of five (5) calendar days, beginning the day after the failed attempt, before they may retest for the same exam.
* Once passed, a candidate must wait a minimum of 180 days before taking the same exam with an identical exam number.
Q. Where can the test Cisco 640-822 be taken?
A. Cisco exams may be taken at Pearson VUE testing facilities.
Q. What is the exam fee?
A. The net price for taking the Cisco 640-822 CCENT exam is US$125. It does not include applicable taxes, vouchers, promotions or membership discounts you may have.
Everything About the MCSE Certification Exam
Microsoft’s MCSE (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer) certification on Windows Server 2003 is one of the most popular Microsoft certifications today. The MCSE 2003 certification has been designed for professionals who analyze the business requirements and design and implement the infrastructure solutions for businesses based on the Microsoft Windows OS clients and Windows 2003 Server operating systems.
What are the job roles for MCSE certified professionals?
The job roles for those pursuing the MCSE certification typically include systems engineers, technical support engineers, systems analysts, network analysts, and technical consultants.
What are the prerequisites for becoming an MCSE?
There are no prerequisites for the MCSE 2003 certification, and you can go for it if you have experience working in complex computing environments of medium to large organizations.
What are the requirements for becoming an MCSE?
To become MCSE certified, you have to pass six mandatory core exams and one elective exam. The core exams are divided into four Networking Systems exams, one Client Operating Systems exam, and one Design exam.
Take these four core Networking System exams:
* 70-290: Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment
* 70-291: Implementing a Win Server 2003 Network Infrastructure
* 70-293: Planning a Win Server 2003 Network Infrastructure
* 70-294: Windows 2003 Planning Active Directory
Choose one core Client Operating Systems exam:
* 70-620: TS: Windows Vista, Configuring
* 70-270: Windows XP Professional
Choose one core Design exam:
* 70-297: Windows Server 2003 Active Directory
* 70-298: Windows 2003 Design Security
MCSE Certification Elective Exams - Choose one elective exam:
* 70-620: TS: Windows Vista, Configuring
* 70-270: Windows XP Professional
* 70-284: Exchange Server 2003 Installation
* 70-297: Windows Server 2003 Active Directory
* 70-298: Windows 2003 Design Security
* 70-299: Windows 2003 Implementing Security
* 70-431: SQL Server 2005 - Implementation and Maintenance
* SY0-101: CompTIA Security+
Note: If you have chosen exam 70-297 for the MCSE Design exams, you cannot choose it again as an elective. The same is true for the 70-298 exam.
What are the benefits of achieving the MCSE certification?
The following are the benefits of becoming an MCSE:
* Microsoft operating systems are the most widely used operating systems today, and the MCSE certification proves expertise on the Microsoft products and technologies.
* Professionals holding the MCSE certification are preferred by their employers and get preference in promotions.
* The MCSE certification is helpful for professionals who have entry-level certifications in related technologies to upgrade their credentials and get recognition from the industry.
* MCSE certified professionals can find jobs easily and get paid more.
* And most importantly, on an average, an MCSE certified person gets 20% more salary than those who are not certified.
How does this certification help employers?
It helps employers hire the right candidates for their organization. Hiring job candidates with MCSE credentials assures employers that they are employing qualified professionals with proven proficiency in Microsoft technologies.
FAQs About the 70-291 Certification Exam
Q. What is the prerequisite for taking the Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure (70-291) exam?
A. The exam is appropriate for you if you are working or want to work in a typically complex computing environment of medium-to-large organizations. There are no specific prerequisites for the exam, although it is recommended that you should have at least one year of experience in administering client and network operating systems in environments that have 250 to 5,000 or more users, three or more physical locations, and three or more domain controllers.
Q. What certificate does it provide?
A. Microsoft’s 70-291 exam is designed to measure your ability to measures your ability to implement, manage, and maintain a Windows Server 2003 network infrastructure. After passing the exam you will become a Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP).
Q. Which certification does it cover?
A. Passing the exam will also help you in achieving the MCSA, MCSE 2003, and MCDBA certification.
Q. How many questions are asked in the exam?
A. You will be required to attempt approximately 50 questions.
Q. What is the duration of the exam?
A. Users are required to attempt all questions in 120 minutes.
Q. Which type of the exam is it? (Adaptive/Linear)
A. This exam consists of Multiple Choice, Hot Area, Drag and Drop, Build list and reorder, and Build a Tree questions. The exam can be adaptive and simulation questions might be asked. There are no Case study type questions.
Q. What is the passing score?
A. You need a score of 700 out of 1000 to pass the exam.
Q. What is the exam retake policy?
A. If you do not pass test 70-291 the first time, you may retake it at any time. If you do not achieve a passing score the second time, you must wait at least 14 days to retake the test a third time. A 14-day waiting period will be imposed for all subsequent exam retakes. If you have passed an exam, you cannot take it again.
Q. Where to take the exam 70-291?
A.Microsoft exams may be taken at Prometric testing centers.
Q. What is the exam fee?
A.The net price for taking exam 70-291 is US$125. Net price does not include applicable taxes, vouchers, promotions or membership discounts you may have. The exam is subsidized in India and China. The net price for taking exam 70-291 in India and China is US$50.
Note: As of April 1, 2007, only citizens of India will be permitted to register for exams in India test centers, and only citizens of China will be permitted to register for exams in Mainland China test centers.
FAQs About 70-536 CSHARP
Q. What is MCTS: .NET 2.0 Application Development Foundation exam?
A. Microsoft’s 70-536 is designed to test your knowledge of the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 fundamentals. The 70-536 exam measures your skills that include developing applications, implementing service processes, threading, and application domains, embedding configuration, diagnostic, management, and installation features into a .NET Framework application, etc. After passing this test along with the other core exams, you will become an MCTS: .NET 2.0 Web Applications, MCTS: .NET 2.0 Windows Applications or MCTS: .NET 2.0 Distributed Applications.
Q. What credit does the 70-536 Application Development Foundation exam provide?
A. When you pass Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0-Application Development Foundation, you earn credit toward the following certifications:
* Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist: .NET Framework 2.0 Web Applications
* Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist: .NET Framework 2.0 Windows Applications
* Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist: .NET Framework 2.0 Distributed Applications
Q. What is the price of MCTS: NET 2.0 Application Development Foundation exam?
A. Net Price of the exam is USD 125.
Note: Net price does not include applicable taxes, vouchers, promotions or membership discounts.
Q. How to schedule, reschedule, cancel, or confirm an exam?
A. Please visit the following link to schedule, reschedule, cancel, or confirm an exam:
Schedule, Reschedule, Cancel, or Confirm Exam
Q. How to locate a testing center?
A. Please visit the following link to locate a testing center:
Locate a Testing Center
Q. How to update personal information, viewing test history, etc?
A. Please visit the following link to update personal information, viewing test history, etc:
Update Personal Information, Viewing Testing History etc
Q. Is C#.NET 2.0 Application Development Foundation (70-536-CSHARP) exam right for you?
A. The test is appropriate for you if you are working or want to work in a typically complex computing environment of medium-to-large organizations that use Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 Enterprise Developer or Visual Studio 2005. If you would like to know more about the .NET 2.0 Application Development 70-536 test, please visit the .NET 2.0 Application Development 70-536 exam page.
Q. What to expect in C# .NET 2.0 Application Development Foundation (70-536-CSHARP) exam?
A. This test consists of Multiple Choice, Hot Spot, Drag and Drop, Build list and reorder, and Build a Tree questions. The test can be adaptive, and simulation questions might be asked. There are no Case study type questions. You will be required to attempt approximately 55 questions in 90 minutes. To pass, you need a score of 700.
Q. Why should you become certified?
A. Studies have shown that certified individuals realize many benefits. Among them are the following:
* Increased opportunities on the job: These opportunities range from increased salary and bonus to project involvement and promotions.
* Increased breadth of knowledge: Certification is a catalyst for learning new technologies in a structured and comprehensive way.
* Increased value to the organization: Organizations with 25 percent or more of their staff certified have been shown to deploy projects on time and within budget more often, rely less on external support, have less downtime, and have higher user satisfaction with their IT staff.
FAQs about 77-602
Q. What is the pre-requisite for taking the exam 77-602?
A. Although there are no prerequisites for the exam 77-602 - MCAS - Using Microsoft Office Excel 2007, Microsoft recommends that the candidates for this exam should have the equivalent of six months to one year of hands-on experience on Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and might have experience with previous versions of Microsoft Office Excel.
Q. What certificate does it provide?
A. Passing the exam 77-602 provides the following certification:
Microsoft Certified Application Specialist: Microsoft Office Excel 2007
Q. Is 70-602 - MCAS - Using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 exam available in languages other than English?
A. Yes, currently the exam is available in Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (Portugal and Brazil), Russian and Spanish languages.
Q. What is the duration of the exam?
A. An MCAS exams takes up to 90 minutes.
Q. Which type of the exam is it? (Adaptive/Linear)
A. The exam 77-602 is a performance-based exam and requires you to complete tasks using interactive simulation of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
Q. What is the passing score?
A. You need a score of 680 out of 1000 to pass the 77-602 exam.
Q. What is the exam retake policy?
A. Exam retake policy for Microsoft Business Certification exams differs from other Microsoft IT certification exams. According to Microsoft, candidates may retake the same exam one time without restriction. However, candidates who want to retake the exam a second or subsequent time must wait a minimum of seven days before retaking the exam.
Note: Candidates participating in exam beta testing may take each beta exam only once.
Q. What are the areas on which the exam is focused?
A. The exam 77-602 - MCAS - Using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 validates the knowledge and skills of a professional working on Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Passing the exam ensures that candidates are especially effective and efficient at creating and manipulating data, formatting data and content, creating and modifying formulas, presenting data visually, and collaborating on and securing data.
Q. Where to take the exam?
A. Microsoft Business Certification exams are administered by Certiport iQcenters, which are Microsoft-authorized exam testing centers that are located throughout the world.
Q. What is the exam fee?
A. The exam fee is US$89.
CompTIA A+ Essentials (220-601) Short Notes: Exam Passing Tips
Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a 32-bit PC enlargement bus designed as a superset of the 16-bit ISA bus.
The computer does not expose the de rigueur outdated and be that as it may, every be that as it may the routine is started. This is because of the lemon of the CMOS battery.
The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus has an 8-bit and a 16-bit bus that supports both 8-bit and 16-bit cards.
The Dual inline impression module (DIMM) has 168 pins.
The Master/Slave designations can be assigned away mise en scene a jumper on the eagerly disk follow.
A eagerly disk controller uses the I/O advance allocate pass over 1F0-1F8.
An I/O advance allocate is a communication anchorage between a machinery and the CPU.
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) uses a 32-bit exemplify bus, which is designed away IBM.
IRQ 15 is most of the time in use accustomed to away a Secondary eagerly disk controller.
A modem converts digital signals into analog signals and sinfulness versa.
Pentium processors with 321-pins buying Socket 7. It is a hexadecimal compute that the CPU uses to pinpoint a machinery.
I/O advance allocate is a communication anchorage between a machinery and the CPU.
Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) and Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM) both get attack in 184 pins.
It has a lever that opens and closes exchange for holding the microprocessor.
Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket holds the microprocessor on the motherboard.
SIMMs are quickly obtainable in two types, 30-pin and 72-pin.
Intel Celeron processors buying Slot 1 and Socket 370. SIMM is a impression module with impression chips on identical side of the without a agonize trustees.
80486 and Pentium processors get attack in a PGA unify.
SCSI ID 8 provides lowest precedence while SCSI ID 7 provides highest precedence to a machinery. Pin Grid Array (PGA) is a group of integrated without a agonize shard that consists of pins connected in a quadrangle exact unify. The ID precedence orderliness on a SCSI bus is as follows: 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8.
A Fast-Wide SCSI-2 bus supports 15 devices excluding the SCSI adapter.
The 168-pin Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) uses 64-bit broad exemplify bus.
If you attired in b be committed to two SCSI devices, internal and apparent, you should arrive identical terminator at the drifting of each follow.
Black color wires order be register adjacent to each other while connecting AT power reserve to the motherboard. The SCSI controller order be placed in between the SCSI devices.
An AGP place is designed to demand a extend and above-board appropriateness between the video rely on card circuitry and the PC’s impression.
Install both drives on the minor IDE controller and pinpoint identical as Master and the other as Slave.
While installing two eagerly disk drives on a computer, any identical of the following two combinations can be in use accustomed to:
Install the drives, identical each on the minor and unimportant IDE controllers and pinpoint both as Master.
Cyrix MII, AMD K6, and Pentium MMX processors buying Socket 7. Therefore, your next heed after replacing the CMOS battery order be to register the outdated and be that as it may on the computer.
When a computer’s CMOS battery is replaced, the routine clock of the computer is reset.
The Itanium processor uses 1.6 volts.
Riser rely on card is a without a agonize trustees that is in use accustomed to to communicate slots exchange for enlargement cards and provides the ability members to unify additional enlargement cards to the computer.
The SCSI Ultra2 Wide I/O anchorage has a bandwidth of 80 MBps.
Most of Pentium 4 processors buying Socket 478.
It is a Pin Grid Array (PGA) Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket.
Xeon processors buying Socket 603.
Pentium II and Xeon processors can be installed on Slot 2.
The Level 1 (L1) upon is implemented on microprocessors. Slot 2 is like to Slot 1.
A USB drove supplies power to the USB bus at 5 volts. The FireWire 800 reading supports a extreme wire greatest extent of up to 4.5 meters.
FireWire 800 is a reading of the FireWire textbook that is also known as IEEE 1394b qualification.
FireWire 800 devices buying 9-pin connectors at both ends of the wire.
Users deprivation to buying redesigned ironmongery features or options that are supported away motherboard, but not supported away the computer BIOS.
The BIOS on a computer should be updated in the following conditions:
The BIOS does not finance redesigned devices.
The BIOS can also be updated if a buyer has a machinery difficulty, and it is confirmed that the difficulty is good enough to BIOS.
Both the sockets are outdated ZIF group sockets and look the nonetheless.
The Pentium 4 processor can be installed on Socket 423 and Socket 478.
The Pentium Pro processor can be installed on Socket 8. LGA 775 is also known as Socket T.
The Pentium D processor can be installed on Socket 478 or LGA 775.
The DIMM is in use accustomed to exchange for DDR SDRAM in desktops. This anchorage is also known as FireWire.
The impression modules that finance 32-bit broad impression bus are as follows:
72-pin SIMM
72-pin SODIMM
An IEEE 1394 anchorage can unify up to 63 devices.
The purple color is in use accustomed to exchange for a PS/2 keyboard connector on redesigned motherboards.
ATX is a group of motherboard that supports frail power on direct.
AGP and PCIe are the choicest slots exchange for a video rely on card.
A floppy follow power connector has four wires.
The other two disallowance wires are found wires. The red wire carries 5VDC and the yellow wire carries 12VDC.
The CD/DVD drives buying 12 and 5 Volts power reserve.
In the AT power reserve connector on a motherboard, Pin 1 is in use accustomed to exchange for Power Good signal. The eagerly disk follow also uses the nonetheless in voltage.
The impression internal to a processor is called upon impression.
Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) was introduced with Pentium III processors. It is also known as au fait with 1 upon. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Extensions significantly augment the exhibition of 3D graphics.
The exemplify bus reach of an Itanium processor is 64-bit.
Level 1 upon impression is integrated with the microprocessor.
The following processors attired in b be committed to 64-bit exemplify bus reach:
AMD K6
Pentium 4
AMD Athlon
The Pentium 4 processor uses 1.7 volts. All the commands exchange for the CPU fire toe the upon.
The Level 1 upon is a group of RAM that is included in a CPU. It stores a backlog of the commands so that, if a tarry asseverate is encountered, the CPU can communicate to organize exemplify away using the commands from the upon.
The Level 1 upon is also known as internal upon. It improves computer exhibition away eliminating the deprivation to tarry exchange for exemplify to be fetched from DRAM.
Overclocking is the organize of contest a computer component, such as CPU, at a higher clock appraise than specified away the component maker. Users who overclock computer components typically struggle to augment the exhibition of processors, video cards, RAM, and motherboard chipsets. By increasing clock frequencies of the components, the exhibition of computers can be improved at quite stingy bring in. The overclocked components in enormous agitation.
For consistency, if a Terminal Server buyer opens an industriousness that uses 100% of the CPU be that as it may, the lot server becomes unresponsive, and other logged in users on the Terminal Server encounter a behindhand exhibition, then CPU throttling is needed exchange for freeing up CPU be that as it may and making the server exhibition more wisely.
CPU throttling is a organize of high-handed down the CPU processing be that as it may exchange for an industriousness, which is malfunctioning. In this locale, CPU throttling prevents applications using more than a undeniable serving of CPU be that as it may in a undeniable be that as it may move.
The Intel(r) Pentium(r) processor Extreme Edition and AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 are dual marrow technology processors manufactured away Intel and AMD, severally. It provides users a more wisely Server Based Computing encounter.
The following are the types of Random Access Memory:
DRAM
EDO RAM
SRAM
VRAM
Parity clanger indicates a difficulty with exemplify stored in the impression.
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is in use accustomed to exchange for a computer’s upon impression and as rebuke of the indiscriminate access impression digital-to-analog converter on a video rely on card.
The visual display piece cover displays dots because of broken video RAM.
Parity clanger indicates a difficulty with exemplify stored in the Random Access Memory (RAM).
It helps a computer to communicate working without disturbance and exemplify corruption.
An Error Correcting Code (ECC) impression module detects and corrects single-bit errors in impression. Although ECC can discern both single-bit and double-bit errors, it can exclusive de rigueur single-bit errors. It is significantly faster than DRAM.
Static RAM (SRAM) is a group of impression shard made of a exclusive without a agonize known as flip-flop. Unlike DRAM impression shard circuits, it does not attired in b be committed to to be refreshed because it uses the flip-flop without a agonize to upon each serving.
Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module (SO-DIMM) is a group of impression module that comes in 72 pins and 144 pins.
SRAM impression chips are typically in use accustomed to exchange for caching.
Video Graphic Array (VGA) monitors attired in b be committed to a non-payment fruit of 640Ч480-pixels.
Two types of LCDs are quickly obtainable that are as follows:
Active matrix
Passive matrix
The VGA visual display piece uses a 15-pin 3 bank connector to unify to a video adapter.
A laptop uses Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology exchange for its panoply routine.
XT and AT motherboards buying 5-pin DIN connectors exchange for keyboards.
The following connectors are in use accustomed to exchange for keyboards:
Five-pin DIN connector
Six-pin mini-DIN connector
USB connector
The DVI-D is a group of DVI connector.
Refresh appraise measures the be that as it may a cathode-ray tube (CRT) electron trustees takes to limn a cover from topmost to bed basically. This connector is in use accustomed to exclusive exchange for digital signal connections. The dual connector connector contains 24 pins, whereas the lone connector connector comes with 18 pins.
DVI-D connectors get attack in dual and lone links.
The DVI-I is a group of DVI connector. DVI-I connectors get attack in dual and lone links. This connector is in use accustomed to exchange for both digital and analog signal connections. To carry toe analog signal, it contains 4 more pins than the DVI-D connector.
HDMI stands exchange for High-Definition Multimedia Interface.
The SVGA video technology supports the fruit of 800 x 600.
It is a textbook, uncompressed, and all-digital audio/video interface. It provides an interface between any audio/video sources, such as a DVD gamester or a computer and a digital tube (DTV) or video visual display piece. HDMI is predisposed to of delivering the highest mark digital video and multi-channel digital audio on a lone wire.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapters can manful on PCI, EISA, and VESA slots. USB supports fiery plugging, which means that a USB machinery can be installed or removed while the computer is contest.
USB provides the Plug and Play ability of Windows to apparent ironmongery devices.
RJ-11 connector is in use accustomed to away an analog modem to unify to a phone Theatre sides.
The 2x, 4x, and 8x AGP cards each attired in b be committed to a bus go like greased lightning of 66 MHz.
Speed, enlargement, and humble configuration of ironmongery devices is the prime benefits of using USB.
AGP 1x has a extreme exemplify fax appraise of 266 MB/sec.
A Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) shard is a rebuke of the computer’s serial interface, which controls serial anchorage communication.
A mutatis mutandis printer wire has a DB-25 connector on identical drifting and a Centronics connector on the other drifting of wire.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) can unify up to 127 outer devices to a lone USB anchorage and it supports fiery plugging.
In an effect of processor addict lemon, the agitation generated away the processor order unexcelled to computer dangle up and processor invoice.
A PS/2 Mini-DIN connector has 6-pins, while exclusive four are in use accustomed to.
The fans in house of detention the CPU thwack cast off the fiery expose mistaken outer exhausted of the CPU thwack and then expropriate in keeping the CPU temperature muffled.
The 6-pin Mini-DIN connector is also known as PS/2 anchorage. Fans are also in use accustomed to to fix up expose mistaken finances in the CPU thwack.
Firewire 800 is the fastest exemplify fax interface exchange for printing a validate on a printer. It power balk the ventilators.
In orderliness to foil laptops from overheating, a buyer should follow the following precautions:
A laptop should not be operated on a frail face like bed.
This order foil the fiery expose mistaken from booming outer exhausted of the laptop.
Laptops should not be operated in the ends exchange for eat one’s heart outer exhausted periods of be that as it may. A laptop should every be that as it may be operated on a eagerly face.
A DE15 spear connector is in use accustomed to on a visual display piece wire.
You glimpse that another machinery on the computer has stopped working.
After installing the solid rely on card, restart the computer. This is the idiosyncratic of of IRQ argue. This order foil the computer from booting toe the floppy disk.
A computer fails to boot from a bootable floppy disk because of any identical of the following reasons:
If the mentality of a floppy disk follow is corrupt, it cannot deliver assign to the boot files from the floppy disk. The floppy disk follow should be cleaned using a floppy disk follow mentality cleaner to reduce to the controversy. This order foil the computer from booting toe the floppy disk.
If boot series in the BIOS is false or is not register to boot from floppy disk elementary, the computer order not deliver assign to the operating routine case toe the floppy disk follow.
The Dr.
Disk Defragmenter is a routine utensil in use accustomed to to consolidate the fragmented files stored on the eagerly disk of a computer. Watson utility is in use accustomed to as a program clanger debugger that gathers data at approaching a computer when an clanger or user-mode drawback occurs with a program.
It helps to fix up the deliver assign to exhibition of a eagerly disk follow.
A corrupt mouse barrel be that as it may after be that as it may creates problems in the repositioning of the mouse lawless.
COM1 and COM3 both buying IRQ4.
In orderliness to decry issues with eagerly disk drives, users should follow the following actions:
Run the SCANDISK and the follow defragmentation software utilities periodically.
In extend expose mistaken, the internal parts and media can get attack in communicate with of dust, which power invoice them.
Do not uncover the internal screen of eagerly disk to extend expose mistaken.
Do not motion a eagerly disk when it is spinning, as this can invoice its media.
A BIOS upgrade is required if you need to instal a splenetic intuition eagerly disk follow on an older car, which is not supported away an older BIOS.
Device Manager can be in use accustomed to to prospect and coins the properties of devices in a windows computer
When you start the computer, it gives lone beep if it has successfully completed the Power On Self Test (POST).
You can start the CMOS setup program away insistent the Del description or Ctrl Alt Esc at the be that as it may of routine startup during Power On Self Test (POST).
You can reset the BIOS watchword using any identical of the following two methods:
Temporarily get rid of the CMOS battery from the motherboard.
Error codes start with 2xx make problems affiliated to impression.
Clear CMOS away shorting the CMOS jumper. You can contrivance such problems away using UPS and eddy protectress.
If your computer is not connected to the UPS, power lemon may unexcelled to invoice to outer components.
You can glimpse the BIOS reading ID in the BIOS setup program.
Error codes start with 3xx (300 to 399) make keyboard errors.
Error codes starting with 6xx make problems affiliated to floppy disk follow.
Error codes start with 2xx make problems affiliated to impression.
In the IBM BIOS, identical eat one’s heart outer exhausted beep and three pinched beeps make a video adapter clanger.
In the IBM BIOS, two pinched beeps make a POST clanger.
IBM ThinkPad laptops communicate 1 eat one’s heart outer exhausted and 4 pinched beeps to make muffled battery voltage.
The ROM BIOS is a group of shard, which is plugged in on the system’s motherboard and performs the Power On Self Test.
2xx clanger codes are in use accustomed to exchange for impression or RAM affiliated errors.
The video adapter has its own Basic Input Output routine (BIOS), processor, and impression.
In orderliness to unspoilt electronic connectors and add-on cards of computers, Isopropyl power is in use accustomed to.
Isopropyl power is recommended exchange for cleaning PCBs, such as motherboards. This removes oxidation from the connectors and affix contacts of PCBs.
This battery has a representational voltage of 1.2 volts.
The Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery has the shortest effervescence that of those Lead-acid and Silver-zinc batteries.
To to gain older a glimpse of the A+ certification exam PrepKits, download its unchecked demo reading (which contains 15 unchecked law questions).
To fix up the mark of connections and efficacy more wisely communication between infrared devices, you order attired in b be committed to to follow the following actions:
Keep the devices in Theatre sides of field of prospect.
Click the connector deeper:
220-601 predominantly A+ Essentials
220-602 predominantly A+ IT Technician
OR
220-603 predominantly A+ Remote Support Technician
OR
220-604 predominantly A+ Depot Technician
Laptops and Portable Devices
Type III Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) rely on card supports eagerly disk drives.
Move the devices closer together.
Type I Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) cards are 3.3mm dense.
Remove any hitch between the devices. They are most commonly in use accustomed to exchange for impression cards.
This allows a laptop to unify to desktop I/O devices such as full-sized keyboards, CRT monitors, etc.
A docking place is a specialized effect into which an undamaged laptop can be inserted. Docking stations are exceptionally proprietary items that are designed exchange for buying with individual computer models. It connects enlargement cards such as network interface rely on card, video rely on card, etc., to routine bus.
Expansion bus is a haven up of wires and protocols in use accustomed to exchange for the enlargement of a computer. Expansion cards unify to the enlargement bus toe the enlargement place.
The SXGA panoply textbook has a fruit of 1400 x 1050 pixels.
WUXGA stands exchange for Widescreen Ultra extended Graphics Array. It is an enhancement SXGA panoply textbook.
The SO-DIMM impression unify is in use accustomed to exchange for DDR impression exchange for laptops.
Type II Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) rely on card is mostly in use accustomed to exchange for modem and network interface cards.
The XGA video technology supports a extreme fruit of 1024 x 768. It is a panoply textbook that refers to video adapters.
SXGA stands exchange for Super extended Graphics Array.
This textbook is an enhancement of the textbook XGA fruit developed away IBM.
UXGA stands exchange for Ultra extended Graphics Array. It is predisposed to of displaying the fruit of 1280 x 1024 pixels.
It is a panoply textbook that refers to video adapters.
The WUXGA video technology supports the extreme fruit of 1920 x 1200. This panoply textbook is predisposed to of displaying the fruit of 1600 x 1200 pixels.
Where 1920 refers to flat pixels, and 1200 refers to vertical pixels.
Following are the differences between desktop and laptop processors:
A laptop microprocessor generates less agitation than a desktop microprocessor.
The infrared devices do not encrypt exemplify dispatch.
A laptop microprocessor consumes less power than a desktop microprocessor.
An SPS machinery provides barrier against supervised voltage.
In orderliness to unify outer devices such as printer and mouse to a laptop, bluetooth predominantly is the choicest wireless technology. When a power follow mistaken occurs, it engages battery power and takes finished from power outlets.
USB and IEEE 1394 ports finance fiery swapping.
SPS does not demand barrier against power surges.
The fiery swap technology is in use accustomed to to instal a redesigned machinery, or get rid of and substitute for a failed machinery, without shutting down the operating routine or powering mistaken the routine. It enables an operating routine to circumvent the amount of power supplied to each machinery toil to a computer away turning mistaken outer devices when they are not in buying.
The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is a power-management qualification developed away Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. It defines power control on a broad pass over of expressive, desktop, and server computers and peripherals.
Standby craze has a shorter wake-up dilate than Hibernate craze.
The Hibernate craze and Standby craze are features affiliated to power control.
Unlike Hibernate craze, in Standby craze, the contents of the computer’s unexcelled impression are not saved to the eagerly disk, and the operating routine deprivation not deliver assign to contents from the eagerly disk each be that as it may the computer is restarted. Moreover, a computer in Standby craze does not down any eagerly disk room. Therefore, Standby craze takes lesser amount of be that as it may to wake-up as compared to Hibernate craze.
Hibernate craze saves extreme battery power while maintaining the march asseverate of a computing sitting. In this craze, the CPU stops executing instructions and the processor readies is flushed, but power is nevertheless supplied to the CPU and impression.
The S1 craze is the most power peckish snore craze. All other inexperienced in devices are powered down.
The C0 processor asseverate does not haven power.
The S4 snore craze is also known as Hibernation or hibernate craze in Windows operating systems.
It is an operational asseverate. A computer can be disassembled in this asseverate.
In the G3 asseverate of a computer, a uncut power disappointment occurs such as power stream the programmed unplugged from a computer.
Li-Ion or Lithium Ion battery is the lightest but most dear battery in use accustomed to in laptops.
If the keyboard is not working disregarding even so after replacing it with a redesigned identical, it is imaginable that the keyboard controller on the motherboard is broken.
A computer makes unending pinched beeps while booting if a description on the keyboard is stuck.
A fuzzy visual display piece or a strength affix on the visual display piece connector can be a unexcelled to of displaying exclusive pink or callow color shades on the cover.
When IBM BIOS generates identical eat one’s heart outer exhausted and three pinched beeps, it indicates that the EGA/VGA panoply adapter has an clanger.
A USB anchorage supports up to 127 devices.
Power eddy is a unsought expansion in effective Theatre sides voltage.
The most recover unexcelled to of conflict in mouse lawless repositioning could be a corrupt mouse barrel or pursue ball.
A eddy can iniquity a computer and other electronic devices. Dirty mouse rollers are honest exchange for mazy mouse lawless repositioning.
A brownout is the locale of voltage follow mistaken in power reserve.
The Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS) textbook is in use accustomed to to circumvent monitors and video cards. The overloading of a minor power author can unexcelled to brownouts.
If the power wire runs along with the computer network wire, diffusion from the power wire, known as electromagnetic conflict (EMI), may be inducted into the computer network wire affecting the signals that pass toe it.
Power exchange for the most laptop’s LCD cover backlight bulb is supplied away an inverter.
In orderliness to unspoilt a laptop cover, you order attired in b be committed to to buying a degree wetness and frail construction and a cleaner that is custom designed exchange for LCD screens.
The HKEY_USERS hive contains data at approaching all users who attired in b be committed to logged on to the routine.
Operating Systems
Virtual impression is method that is in use accustomed to to upon impermanent RAM exemplify in the eagerly disk.
The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry hive contains data at approaching the put up computer routine, including ironmongery and operating routine exemplify, such as bus group, routine impression, machinery drivers, and startup circumvent parameters.
The /o direct of the XCOPY preserve copies case ownerships and NTFS permissions on files while copying them.
The /s direct of the XCOPY preserve is in use accustomed to to pitiable imitation directories and subdirectories, except dump directories.
The /e direct is in use accustomed to with the XCOPY preserve to pitiable imitation directories and subdirectories, including dump directories.
The /k direct of the XCOPY preserve copies attributes while copying files.
The /c direct of the XCOPY preserve continues to pitiable imitation files disregarding even so if errors rebel up dawn on. By non-payment, this preserve resets the Read-only indicate.
The HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT registry hive stores data at approaching the case extensions mapped to their corresponding applications.
The Mac OS X operating routine operates on the UNIX kernel ways.
The HKEY_CURENT_USER registry hive stores the buyer be advantageous exchange for the buyer who is currently logged on to the computer.
In orderliness to amend accepted impression settings on his Windows 2000 computer, administrators order attired in b be committed to to follow the following steps:
Go to Start menu > Settings > Control Panel. The buyer be advantageous includes mise en area variables, belittling program groups, desktop settings, network connections, printers, and industriousness preferences.
Double click the System applet and favourite the Advanced charge.
The Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) contains the listing of all the ironmongery that operating systems vendors attired in b be committed to tested with their operating systems. Click the Performance options, and click the Change button in Virtual impression section. Through HCL, an administrator can be firm that a computer and its components are compatible with the operating routine until to the operating routine is installed. It is in use accustomed to to effect a give someone back of the routine asseverate exemplify and services in the effect of a important routine lemon.
Automated System Recovery (ASR) is a mark of Windows Server 2003. An ASR give someone back includes the configuration data exchange for devices. It does not disdain up folders and files.
ASR backs up the routine exemplify and put up routine area.
Event Viewer is an administrative utility that displays the effect log of a computer. The following logs can be viewed using the Event Viewer utensil in Windows 2000/XP computers:
System log
Security log
Application log
The System Configuration Utility (MSCONFIG.EXE) is quickly obtainable on Windows 98 and Windows XP operating systems.
CCNA Certification Exam
The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification is an entry-level certification, which is a pre-requisite for all the advanced level Cisco certifications such as CCNP and CCIE. It validates the skills of networking professionals to install, configure and troubleshoot routed and switched networks. CCNA Certified professionals are capable of implementing and verifying connections to remote sites in a WAN. They also have basic knowledge on security issues, Wireless networking and performance-based skills.
CCNA certification requirements
Cisco has announced changes to the CCNA certification and exams in June 2007. Cisco has now introduced ICND1 (640-822), ICND2 (640-816), and CCNA (640-802) exams. The 640-802 exam will be the single exam option for becoming CCNA. Alternatively, passing ICND1 and ICND2 will provide you the CCNA certification. However, passing ICND1 will provide a separate certification named Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT)
You can choose either of the two paths for becoming CCNA:
* Single Exam Option > Pass Exam 640-802 > CCNA
* Two-Exam Option > Pass 640-822 (ICND1) > CCENT > Pass 640-816 (ICND2) > CCNA
Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician
The Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification is the first stage of Cisco's certification system. The CCENT certification is an interim step to Associate level or directly with CCNA and CCDA certifications. While the CCENT covers basic networking knowledge. it does not get involved with the more intricate technical aspects of the Cisco routing and switching and network design. The certification does validate the skills essential for entry-level network support positions. CCENT qualified individuals have the knowledge and skill to install, manage, maintain and troubleshoot a small enterprise branch network, including network security. The applicable training is Cisco ICND1 and the exam is (640-822 ICND1)[1]
The CCNA curriculum includes the CCENT exam.
CompTIA Convergence+ Certification
Convergence+ validates the knowledge and skills in the area of communications technologies (CT), where datacomm, telephony/telecommunications, video and broadcast multimedia technologies combine into a single IP‐based delivery system. It is an international, vendor‐neutral certification that recognizes a technician’s ability to design, implement, and manage both data and voice networking. Although not a prerequisite, it is recommended that CompTIA Convergence+ candidates are CompTIA Network+ certified and have 18 to 24 months of work experience in areas that include data networking, VoIP, and other convergence‐related technologies.
CompTIA Project+ Certification
Project+ is a certification showing that one has the knowledge needed to manage projects. CompTIA claims that Project+ is a globally recognized project management certification that provides validation of fundamental project management skills. Curriculum covers the entire project life cycle from initiation and planning through execution, acceptance, support and closure. CompTIA Project+ can be acquired in a quick and cost-effective manner price $239 USD. There are no prerequisites, and candidates are not required to submit an application or complete additional hours of continuing education.
CompTIA Linux+ Certification
Linux+ is a certification of knowledge of Linux operating systems, from their installation and use to the basics of applicable free software and open source licenses.
The Linux+ exam is intended for information technology professionals who have between six to twelve months of practical experience using Linux. The exam is broken down into several areas of Linux expertise: installation, management, configuration, security, documentation, and hardware.
The test is a computer based multiple-choice exam, with a question followed by four possible answers, at least one (but possibly more) of which must be correct. Common subject matter for exam topics include installation methods, boot loader configuration, managing packages (Debian and RPM management systems are covered), navigating directories via the command line, using the bash shell, security considerations, network administration including TCP/IP configuration), mounting file systems (such as NFS, SMB or ext3) and managing configuration files for the more common applications that Linux servers are expected to run. Although configuring and running the X Window system is included in the formal exam objectives, there are rarely any questions pertaining to this as the exam focuses on Linux as a server and network operating system rather than for use as a desktop platform.
The Linux+ exam has undergone some criticism since its inception, due to the excessive amount of hardware‐related questions that were on the exam initially, many of which were covered on the A+ exam. The newest version of the exam, available as of February 2005, does away with this problem.
The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) has announced it will soon begin the process of updating its CompTIA Linux+ certification. The update process will begin with a Job Task Analysis (JTA), around July, 2008. The JTA will bring together subject matter experts in Linux to evaluate the job roles and tasks for IT professionals who work with open source operating systems. This information will be the input used to update the exam objectives and items.
CompTIA Server+ Certification
Server+ is CompTIA's certification pathway that focuses on server-specific hardware and operating systems, and certifies technical knowledge in areas such as RAID, SCSI, and multiple CPUs, as well as capabilities with server issues, including disaster recovery. It was developed in 2001, with an update that followed in 2005. The eight domains of the Server+ exam are General Server Hardware Knowledge, Installation, Configuration, Upgrading, Proactive Maintenance, Environment Troubleshooting and Problem Determination, and Disaster Recovery. A combination A+/Network+, A+/Server+ or Security+ certification(s) can fulfill the elective exam requirement for the Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) certification.
The exam is 90 minutes in duration and consists of 80 questions with a passing score of 615 out of 900. CompTIA recommends that the candidate possesses 18–24 months of experience with Industry Standard Server Architecture (ISSA) technology before taking the exam.
SK0-001 CompTIA Server+ (2001 Edition) (Retired March 31, 2005)
SK0-002 CompTIA Server+ (2005 Edition)
CompTIA Security+ Certification
The CompTIA Security+ certification verifies your network security knowledge at the manager or administrator level using objectives developed by the industry, government, and academia.
CompTIA Security+ is the security certification that people have been waiting for - a foundation certificate that integrates well with higher-level certifications. [CompTIA] Security+ is sponsored by leading public and private organizations. This means that those holding a [CompTIA] Security+ certificate are going to be recognized for earning a respected credential.
Why CompTIA Security+ is important...
Neither technologies nor policies alone offer effective protection against theft and destruction of intellectual property. All industries need a trained and effective IT workforce to combat hackers, attackers and security threats. Maintain the integrity of your organization's communications, infrastructure and operations. CompTIA Security+ certification is recognized around the world as the benchmark for foundation-level security professionals. Incorporating a comprehensive range of security knowledge areas, CompTIA Security+ was developed with input from industry, government, academia and front-line practitioners, so you can be assured of its relevance.
About the Certification......
The CompTIA Security+ certification exam was developed by leading industry experts from all sectors of the IT industry,including training and academia, consulting firms, government and other affiliated associations. The test questions were written by IT security professionals. A multilevel review process for all questions ensures that they are accurate as well as psychometrically sound.
Who Should Attend....
CompTIA Security+ certification exam is targeted at professionals with at least two years of networking experience and possess a thorough knowledge of TCP/IP. Those holding the CompTIA Security+ certification have demonstrated the aptitude and ability to master such knowledge areas as: general security concepts, communications security, infrastructure security, basics of cryptography, and operational/organizational security. Government workers or contractors seeking directive 8570.1 compliance are excellent candidates.
CompTIA Network+ certification
Introduction
The demand for skilled network support professionals continues to grow, and CompTIA Network+ is a valuable credential to help start or enhance a networking career.
CompTIA Network+ certification validates the knowledge and skills of networking professionals. It is an international, vendor-neutral certification that recognizes a technician's ability to describe the features and functions of networking components and to install, configure and troubleshoot basic networking hardware, protocols and services.
Certification Objective List
After completing this certification, a candidate will be able to:
* Identify the basic components of network theory
* Identify the major network communications methods.
* Identify network data delivery methods.
* List and describe network media and hardware components.
* Identify the major types of network implementations.
* Identify the components of a TCP/IP network implementation.
* Identify the major services deployed on TCP/IP networks.
* Identify characteristics of a variety of network protocols.
* Identify the components of a LAN implementation.
* Identify the components of a WAN implementation.
* Identify major issues and technologies in network security.
* Identify the components of a remote network implementation.
* Identify major issues and technologies in disaster recovery.
* Identify major data storage technologies and implementations.
* Identify the primary network operating systems.
* Identify major issues, models, tools, and techniques in network troubleshooting.
* Practice working with IP addressing and subnetting
Calendar Duration of Program:
12 weeks
Program Eligibility
10+2 / Graduates / Diploma Holders. Basic knowledge of computer operations is preferred. Able to interact in English in a classroom environment.
Exit Profile
* Identify and Understand Network Communications
* Identify and Understand Networking Media
* Understand and Implement TCP/IP Networks
* Understand and Implement a Local Area Network
* Understand Data Storage and WAN
* Troubleshoot Networks
CompTIA A+ Certification
A+ certification demonstrates competency as a computer technician. Officially, CompTIA A+ certification is a vendor neutral certification, that covers numerous technologies and operating systems from such vendors as Microsoft, Apple Inc., Novell and some of the Linux variations.
The CompTIA A+ certification exam was developed in 1993. There have been three versions of the A+ exam, the 1993 objectives, the 2003 objectives and the 2006 objectives, which are both broken down into two separate exams; however, the 2003 objectives exam was retired on June 30, 2007. The 2003 objectives contained the A+ Core Hardware Exam and the A+ Core Operating System Technologies Exam. The 2006 objectives require that a candidate successfully pass the A+ Essentials and one elective: IT technician, remote support technician, or depot technician.
The A+ exam is intended for information technology professionals who have the equivalent of 500 hours of hands on experience. The exams are computer based and composed of multiple choice questions, of which there may be more than one correct answer. Over 800,000 people have earned the A+ credential worldwide, to date.
Topics of the Core examination include IRQs, direct memory access, and practical computer repair, including the installation and repair of hard drives, modems, network cards, CPUs, power supplies, printers, and so forth. The focus of the exam is not theory, but practice. Sometimes graphics are used in exam questions. Topics included in the Operating Systems Exam include memory management, configuration files, and historical operating environments rather than newer, cutting edge technologies.
In September 2006, the CompTIA A+ test was updated so that the test taker must take the CompTIA A+ Essentials (220-601) test along with one of three other tests (220-602, 220-603, or 220-604). Each of these elective exams offers the candidate the opportunity to specialize their A+ certification to match their desired career path.
With the introduction of the 2006 A+ exam, candidates were offered a grace period whereby both the 2003 and 2006 versions were available. As of June 2007, the 2003 version of exams is no longer available in the United States. In some countries, the grace period was extended to December 2007. The 2003 version was also extended in cases where the A+ certification exam was included in a course of study. Also, most legacy support questions have been excluded.
The A+ certification may be used to qualify as an elective for Microsoft's MCSA and MCSE certification.
2003 Exam
Time allocated: 90 minutes per exam.
Number of questions: 100 (only 80 of which count)
Scores needed to pass: 515 (hardware), 505 (OS)
Total marks per exam: 900
220-301 CompTIA A+ 2003 Linear Core Exam (Retired December 31, 2008)
220-302 CompTIA A+ 2003 Linear OS Exam (Retired December 31, 2008)
JK0-301 CompTIA A+ 2003 E2C Core Exam (Retired December 31, 2008)
JK0-302 CompTIA A+ 2003 E2C OS Exam (Retired December 31, 2008)
2006 Exam
CompTIA A+ Essentials (220‐601) and one of the following: 220-602 or 220-603 or 220-604
Time allocated: 90 minutes per exam.
Number of questions are as follows:
220-601 (Essentials) 100
220-602 (IT Technician) 90
220-603 (Remote Support Technician) 90
220-604 (Depot Technician) 90
Scores needed to pass:
220-601 (Essentials) 675
220-602 (IT Technician) 700
220-603 (Remote Support Technician) 700
220-604 (Depot Technician) 700
Total marks per exam: 900
Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT)
The Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT) certification is for individuals who intend to train users wanting to obtain any of the other certifications. They must have some type of certification out of the Microsoft Course, they must also prove their instructional presentation skills, obtain a "Metrics that Matter" ID, and apply and pay to become a MCT. In Australia, many MCT's have a diploma or degree in teaching either primary school or secondary education. It is also a requirement by many training companies, especially Microsoft Gold Partners to have MCT's with a degree in teaching.
Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS)
The Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS), previously named Microsoft Office User Specialist (MOUS) is a certification for using the Microsoft Office suite of business applications. While listed under the MCP Certification Programs, it is not officially an MCP Certification. The MOS exams are managed by a third party company, Certiport.
It appears (January 2007) that a new set of qualifications will replace the MOS/MOUS certifications for Office 2007. The direct application specific skills are the “Microsoft Certified Application Specialist” (“MCAS”) for each Office 2007 Application. And, a new “Microsoft Certified Application Professional” (“MCAP”) based on how to complete more common business tasks. While these qualification exams will be managed by Certiport it appears other exam providers may also become involved.
Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA)
The Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA) [8] credential is for database administrators, who implement and administer Microsoft SQL Server databases. The certification is appropriate for individuals who derive physical database designs, develop logical data models, create physical databases, create data services by using Transact-SQL, manage and maintain databases, configure and manage security, monitor and optimize databases, and install and configure SQL Server. This certification requires passing three core exams, and one elective exam. According to Microsoft, people who operate SQL Server 2005 should apply for other certifications such as the MCITP (Microsoft Certified IT Professional) or MCTS (Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist), rather than the MCDBA. Complete course lasts 250 hours.
Update; The SQL 2000 exams have now been retired and can no longer be taken. They have been replaced by the latest version SQL Server 2007 & 2008. Please refer to MCTS for these exams.
Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD)
The Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) certification is the highest level programming certification offered by Microsoft. To fulfill the requirements of the certification, a total of five exams (four core exams, one elective exam) must be passed. Some of the core exams are also requirements for the MCAD (Microsoft Certified Application Developer). Microsoft has declared that this certification will be focused towards the needs of developers using .NET Framework 1.0 and 1.1 versions. Developers using .NET Framework 2.0 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are expected to consider undergoing Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) certification.
This certification retired in 2009 and the replacement for this certification is MCTS/MCPD.
Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD)
The Microsoft Certified Application Developer (MCAD) certification is the mid level programming certification offered by Microsoft, leading to the MCSD. To fulfill the requirements of the certification, a total of three exams (two core exams, one elective exam) must be passed. Microsoft has declared that this certification will be focused towards the needs of developers using .NET Framework 1.0 and 1.1 versions. Developers using .NET Framework 2.0 and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are expected to consider undergoing Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD) certification.
Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA)
The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) certification certifies a user's knowledge in system administration of Microsoft Windows operating systems and is generally simpler than, but not a subset of, the MCSE. The Windows Server 2003 MCSA is achieved upon passing 2 networking system exams, a client operating system exam, and an elective exam. The Windows Server 2000 MCSA title is granted after taking 3 core exams and one elective. Meeting the current requirements for the MCSE designation will almost certainly meet the requirements for MCSA.
Whereas the MCSE is supposed to certify a person's ability to "plan, design, and implement Microsoft Windows server solutions and architectures in medium- to large-sized companies", the MCSA certifies a holder's ability to "implement, manage, and maintain the typically complex computing environment of medium- to large-sized companies".
Like the MCSE, the MCSA is available as "MCSA on Windows 2000" and "MCSA on Windows 2003" as of 2005. There exist two specializations for both tracks: Messaging and Security.
As an alternative to the electives on the MCSA electives table, certifications or certification combinations may substitute for an MCSA elective. For example, CompTIA A+ and Network+ together or CompTIA A+ and Server+ together can be credited and substituted for an elective through a Microsoft and CompTIA partnership agreement. One may also substitute Security+ alone which counts for the elective and one of two exams for the "Security Specialization." Security+ counts for MCSA 2003 and MCSE 2003. This is just one cost effective way to earning an MCSA if candidates are already certified in other areas.
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE)
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (or MCSE) is one of the best-known and premiere Microsoft certification for Windows Server 2003. It qualifies an individual as being able to analyze the business requirements for information systems solutions, and design and implement the infrastructure required. Certification is available for the Windows Server 2003 technology, and was previously offered in Windows Server 2000 and Windows NT 4.0.
For the MCSE 2003, candidates must pass six core design exams (Four networking exams, one client operating system and one design exam) and one elective exam, for a total of seven exams. For the MCSE 2000, a candidate needed to pass five Core Exams (Four operating system exams, one design exam) and two electives. Most of these exams have been retired. For the MCSE NT 4.0 (retired), a candidate needed to pass four Core Exams (Networking Essentials, (Windows NT Workstation or Windows 98), Windows NT Server and Windows NT Server in the Enterprise) and two electives. These exams have been retired.
The topic of these exams include network security, computer networking infrastructure, Active Directory, Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft SQL Server, and other topics of both general networking interest as well as specific Microsoft products.
There are also specializations available for the MCSE's along different tracks. For 2003 these tracks were MCSE Security, and Messaging. To obtain these specializations it was required that you do an associated Elective, design and then an extra core exam.[4] The denotation that is usually used for these on resumes etc is MCSE:Security, and MCSE:Messaging.
New MCP Certifications
Microsoft has released a new three-tiered certification hierarchy. It consists of three series and four credentials that introduce an entry-level Technology Series composed of the "Technology Specialist" credential, a Professional Series composed of the "IT Professional" and "Professional Developer" credentials, and the Master Series composed of the "Master" credential. There also exists a new Architect Series composed of the "Microsoft Certified Architect" program which consists of a Review Board interview.
Technology Series (MCTS)
The Technology Specialist certifications enable professionals to target specific technologies, and are generally the first step toward the Professional-level certifications. There are currently 20 MCTS certifications which can be roughly grouped into the following specializations, each requiring certain examinations to be passed:
Office Specializations
Managing Projects with Microsoft Office Project 2007
* Exam 70-632: Microsoft Office Project 2007, Managing Projects
Enterprise Project Management with Microsoft Office Project Server 2007
* Exam 70-633: Microsoft Office Project Server 2007, Managing Projects
Forefront Client and Server, Configuration
* Exam 70-557: Microsoft Forefront Client and Server, Configuration
Office SharePoint Server 2007, Configuration
* Exam 70-630: Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007, Configuring
Office SharePoint Server 2007, Application Development
* Exam 70-542: Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 - Application Development
.NET Framework Specializations
.NET Framework 2.0 Web Applications
* Exam 70-528: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-Based Client Development
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
.NET Framework 2.0 Windows Applications
* Exam 70-526: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Windows-Based Client Development
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
.NET Framework 2.0 Distributed Applications
* Exam 70-529: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Distributed Application Development
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
SQL Server Specializations
SQL Server 2005
* Exam 70-431: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - Implementation and Maintenance
SQL Server 2005 Business Intelligence
* Exam 70-445: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Business Intelligence - Implementation and Maintenance
Business Intelligence Specializations
BizTalk Server 2006
* Exam 70-235: Developing Business Process and Integration Solutions Using Microsoft BizTalk Server
Live Communications Server 2005
* Exam 70-262: Office Live Communications Server 2005-Implementing, Managing, and Troubleshooting
Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Configuration
* Exam 70-236: Exchange Server 2007, Configuring
Windows Specializations
Windows Mobile 5.0 Applications
* Exam 70-540: Microsoft Windows Mobile 5.0 - Application Development
Windows Mobile 5.0, Implementing and Managing
* Exam 70-500: Microsoft Windows Mobile 5.0, Implementing and Managing
Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, Application Development
* Exam 70-541: Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 - Application Development
Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, Configuration
* Exam 70-631: Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0, Configuring
Windows Vista and 2007 Microsoft Office System Desktops, Deploying and Maintaining
* Exam 70-624: Deploying and Maintaining Windows Vista Client and 2007 Microsoft Office System Desktops
Windows Vista Configuration
* Exam 70-620: Windows Vista, Configuring
Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration
* Exam 70-640: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory, Configuring
Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration
* Exam 70-642: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure, Configuring
Windows Server 2008 Applications Infrastructure Configuration
* Exam 70-643: Windows Server 2008 Applications Infrastructure, Configuring
Professional Series
Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD)
These certifications are designed for .NET software developers and are based around .NET 3.5, Visual Studio 2008 and SQL Server 2005/2008.
Windows Developer 3.5
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework – Application Development Foundation
* Exam 70-505: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Forms Application Development
* Exam 70-563 (PRO): Designing and Developing Windows Applications Using the Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5
ASP .NET Developer 3.5
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework – Application Development Foundation
* Exam 70-562: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ASP.NET Application Development
* Exam 70-564 (PRO): Designing and Developing ASP.NET Applications Using the Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5
Web Developer, Visual Studio 2005
* Exam 70-528: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-Based Client Development
* Exam 70-536: Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation
* Exam 70-547 (PRO): Designing and Developing Web Applications by Using the Microsoft .NET Framework
Enterprise Applications Developer 3.5
* Exam 70-503: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Communication Foundation Application Development
* Exam 70-505: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, Windows Forms Application Development
* Exam 70-536: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework - Application Development Foundation - applicable to both .NET 2.0 and .NET 3.5
* Exam 70-561: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ADO.NET Application Development
* Exam 70-562: TS: Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5, ASP.NET Application Development
* Exam 70-565 (PRO): Designing and Developing Enterprise Applications using Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 (available soon)
Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP)
The Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP) credential is the leading certification for Microsoft. It provides widely recognized, objective validation of your ability to perform critical, current IT job roles by using Microsoft technologies to their best advantage.
These certifications are designed for IT professionals including administrators and support personnel in addition to database specialists (both administrators and developers).
Business Intelligence Developer
* MCTS: SQL Server 2005 Business Intelligence
* Exam 70-446 (PRO): Designing a Business Intelligence Infrastructure by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Consumer Support Technician
* MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration
* Exam 70-623 (PRO): Supporting and Troubleshooting Applications on a Windows Vista Client for Consumer Support Technicians
Database Developer
* MCTS: SQL Server 2005
* Exam 70-441 (PRO): Designing Database Solutions by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Open License 6.0
* Exam 70-442 (PRO): Designing and Optimizing Data Access by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Database Administrator
* MCTS: SQL Server 2005
* Exam 70-443 (PRO): Designing a Database Server Infrastructure by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005
* Exam 70-444 (PRO): Optimizing and Maintaining a Database Administration Solution by Using Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Enterprise Messaging Administrator
* MCTS: Exchange Server 2007 Configuration
* Exam 70-237 (PRO): Designing Messaging Solutions with Microsoft Exchange Server 2007
* Exam 70-238 (PRO): Deploying Messaging Solutions with Microsoft Exchange Server 2007
Enterprise Project Management with Microsoft Office Project Server 2007
* MCTS: Managing Projects with Microsoft Office Project 2007
* MCTS: Enterprise Project Management with Microsoft Office Project Server 2007
* Exam 70-634 (PRO): Microsoft Office Project Server 2007, Managing Projects and Programs
Enterprise Support Technician
* MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration
* Exam 70-622 (PRO): Supporting and Troubleshooting Applications on a Microsoft Windows Vista Client for Enterprise Support Technicians
Server Administrator
* MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration
* MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration
* Exam 70-646 (PRO): Windows Server 2008, Server Administrator
Enterprise Administrator
* MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration
* MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration
* MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Applications Infrastructure Configuration
* MCTS: Windows Vista Configuration OR MCTS: Windows Vista and 2007 Microsoft Office System Desktops, Deploying and Maintaining
* Exam 70-647 (PRO): Windows Server 2008, Enterprise Administrator
Master Series
The Master series certification enables senior-level IT professionals to demonstrate and validate their technical expertise on Microsoft server products and is a prerequisite for the Architect Series
* MCM: Microsoft Exchange Server 2007
* MCM: Microsoft SQL Server 2008
* MCM: Windows Server 2008: Directory
* MCM: Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007
* MCM: Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007
Architect Series
The Architect Series is completely different from the Technology Specialist and Professional series, composed of a five-week training session, at a cost of $25,000. Candidates are paired with an existing Microsoft Certified Architect for the duration of the program who mentor and provide guidance to complete a series of tasks. At the conclusion the candidate must submit a report and pass a Review Board interview
The Architect Series is very similar to other industry professional certification programs, such as the Certified Practicing Engineer (CPEng) offered by Engineers Australia
There are two primary tracks in the Architect Program:
Technology-based Architecture
There are two MCA Certifications in the Technology-based Architecture track:
* Messaging (Microsoft Exchange Server)
* Database (Microsoft SQL Server focused on OLTP)
Broad Architecture
This track is designed for professionals that use a variety of Microsoft and non-Microsoft technologies to deliver customer solutions. Again there are two primary tracks:
* Infrastructure certifications
* Solutions certifications
Microsoft Certified Professional
Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) broadly refers to all Microsoft certifications. But it can also refer to an individual who completes any exam within the program (subject to some exclusions).
The MCP program offers multiple certifications, based on different areas of technical expertise. To attain these certifications, a candidate must pass a series of exams within the program. The current generation of certifications are Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP), the Microsoft Certified Architect (MCA), Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) and Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE).
Popular previous generation certifications (Previous generation certifications are still supported) include Microsoft Certified System Engineer (MCSE), Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD) and Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA).[1]
Some employers require or prefer certain MCP certifications for specific jobs that involve Microsoft products and technologies. Other vendors have their own certification programs such as the Sun Certified Professional program, the Red Hat Certification Program, the Oracle Certification Program, the Cisco Career Certifications program, the Ubuntu Certified Professional program and the Apple Certification Program.
Each exam costs approximately $125 USD. Exams usually take between 2 and 3 hours to complete and consist of between 45 and 90 multiple choice, drag and drop, solution building questions and simulated content within exams where students are required to perform certain common administrative tasks appropriate for the topic at hand.
Professional certification (Computer technology)
A Professional certification in the Computer technology field is a designation earned by a person to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task.
Certifications, generally, need to be renewed periodically, or may be valid for a specific period of time (e.g. the life-time of the product upon which the individual is certified). As a part of a complete renewal of an individual's certification, it is common for the individual to show evidence of continual learning — often termed continuing education — or earning continuing education units (CEU).
Certification is often used in the professions of software engineering and information technology.
The most successful certification programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and are managed by the vendors of these technologies. These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies.
Types of Certification
There are three general types of certification. Listed in order of development level and portability, they are: corporate (internal), product-specific, and profession-wide.
Corporate, or internal certifications, are made by a corporation or low-stakes organization for internal purposes. For example, a corporation might require a one-day training course for all sales personnel, after which they receive a certificate. While this certificate has limited portability - to other corporations, for example - it also is the simplest to develop.
Product-specific certifications are more involved, and are intended to be referenced to a product across all applications. This approach is very prevalent in the information technology (IT) industry, where personnel are certified on a version of software or hardware. This type of certification is portable across locations (for example, different corporations that use that software), but not across other products.
The most general type of certification is profession-wide. In order to apply professional standards, increase the level of practice, and possibly protect the public (though this is also the domain of licensure), a professional organization might establish a certification. This is intended to be portable to all places a certificant might work. Of course, this generalizability increases the cost of such a program; the process to establish a legally defensible assessment of an entire profession is very extensive. An example of this is a certified public accountant, who would not be certified for just one corporation or one piece of accountancy software but for general work in the profession.
Certification
Certification refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization. This confirmation is often, but not always, provided by some form of external review, education, or assessment. One of the most common types of certification in modern society is professional certification, where a person is certified as being able to competently complete a job or task, usually by the passing of an examination.
There are two general types of professional certification: some are valid for lifetime, once the exam is passed. Others have to be recertified again after a certain period of time. Also, certifications can differ within a profession by the level or specific area of expertise they refer to. For example, in IT Industry there are different certifications available for Software Tester, Project Manager, and Developer. Similarly, the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology offers three certifications in the same profession, but with increasing complexity.
Certification does not refer to the state of legally being able to practice or work in a profession. That is licensure. Usually, licensure is administered by a governmental entity for public protection purposes and certification by a professional association. However, they are similar in that they both require the demonstration of a certain level of knowledge or ability.
The other most common type of certification in modern society is product certification. This refers to processes intended to determine if a product meets minimum standards, similar to quality assurance.
Organizational certification, such as the Green Globe environmental and sustainability certification, is usually referred to as accreditation. The differentiation in terms is especially relevant with regards to the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), which is a body that accredits certifying organizations.