CompTIA A+ Essentials (220-601) Short Notes: Exam Passing Tips

Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a 32-bit PC enlargement bus designed as a superset of the 16-bit ISA bus.
The computer does not expose the de rigueur outdated and be that as it may, every be that as it may the routine is started. This is because of the lemon of the CMOS battery.
The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus has an 8-bit and a 16-bit bus that supports both 8-bit and 16-bit cards.
The Dual inline impression module (DIMM) has 168 pins.

The Master/Slave designations can be assigned away mise en scene a jumper on the eagerly disk follow.
A eagerly disk controller uses the I/O advance allocate pass over 1F0-1F8.
An I/O advance allocate is a communication anchorage between a machinery and the CPU.
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) uses a 32-bit exemplify bus, which is designed away IBM.
IRQ 15 is most of the time in use accustomed to away a Secondary eagerly disk controller.
A modem converts digital signals into analog signals and sinfulness versa.

Pentium processors with 321-pins buying Socket 7. It is a hexadecimal compute that the CPU uses to pinpoint a machinery.
I/O advance allocate is a communication anchorage between a machinery and the CPU.
Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) and Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM) both get attack in 184 pins.

It has a lever that opens and closes exchange for holding the microprocessor.
Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket holds the microprocessor on the motherboard.
SIMMs are quickly obtainable in two types, 30-pin and 72-pin.
Intel Celeron processors buying Slot 1 and Socket 370. SIMM is a impression module with impression chips on identical side of the without a agonize trustees.
80486 and Pentium processors get attack in a PGA unify.

SCSI ID 8 provides lowest precedence while SCSI ID 7 provides highest precedence to a machinery. Pin Grid Array (PGA) is a group of integrated without a agonize shard that consists of pins connected in a quadrangle exact unify. The ID precedence orderliness on a SCSI bus is as follows: 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8.
A Fast-Wide SCSI-2 bus supports 15 devices excluding the SCSI adapter.
The 168-pin Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) uses 64-bit broad exemplify bus.

If you attired in b be committed to two SCSI devices, internal and apparent, you should arrive identical terminator at the drifting of each follow.
Black color wires order be register adjacent to each other while connecting AT power reserve to the motherboard. The SCSI controller order be placed in between the SCSI devices.
An AGP place is designed to demand a extend and above-board appropriateness between the video rely on card circuitry and the PC’s impression.
Install both drives on the minor IDE controller and pinpoint identical as Master and the other as Slave.
While installing two eagerly disk drives on a computer, any identical of the following two combinations can be in use accustomed to:
Install the drives, identical each on the minor and unimportant IDE controllers and pinpoint both as Master.

Cyrix MII, AMD K6, and Pentium MMX processors buying Socket 7. Therefore, your next heed after replacing the CMOS battery order be to register the outdated and be that as it may on the computer.
When a computer’s CMOS battery is replaced, the routine clock of the computer is reset.
The Itanium processor uses 1.6 volts.
Riser rely on card is a without a agonize trustees that is in use accustomed to to communicate slots exchange for enlargement cards and provides the ability members to unify additional enlargement cards to the computer.
The SCSI Ultra2 Wide I/O anchorage has a bandwidth of 80 MBps.
Most of Pentium 4 processors buying Socket 478.

It is a Pin Grid Array (PGA) Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket.
Xeon processors buying Socket 603.
Pentium II and Xeon processors can be installed on Slot 2.
The Level 1 (L1) upon is implemented on microprocessors. Slot 2 is like to Slot 1.
A USB drove supplies power to the USB bus at 5 volts. The FireWire 800 reading supports a extreme wire greatest extent of up to 4.5 meters.

FireWire 800 is a reading of the FireWire textbook that is also known as IEEE 1394b qualification.
FireWire 800 devices buying 9-pin connectors at both ends of the wire.
Users deprivation to buying redesigned ironmongery features or options that are supported away motherboard, but not supported away the computer BIOS.
The BIOS on a computer should be updated in the following conditions:
The BIOS does not finance redesigned devices.
The BIOS can also be updated if a buyer has a machinery difficulty, and it is confirmed that the difficulty is good enough to BIOS.

Both the sockets are outdated ZIF group sockets and look the nonetheless.
The Pentium 4 processor can be installed on Socket 423 and Socket 478.
The Pentium Pro processor can be installed on Socket 8. LGA 775 is also known as Socket T.
The Pentium D processor can be installed on Socket 478 or LGA 775.

The DIMM is in use accustomed to exchange for DDR SDRAM in desktops. This anchorage is also known as FireWire.
The impression modules that finance 32-bit broad impression bus are as follows:
72-pin SIMM
72-pin SODIMM
An IEEE 1394 anchorage can unify up to 63 devices.
The purple color is in use accustomed to exchange for a PS/2 keyboard connector on redesigned motherboards.
ATX is a group of motherboard that supports frail power on direct.
AGP and PCIe are the choicest slots exchange for a video rely on card.
A floppy follow power connector has four wires.

The other two disallowance wires are found wires. The red wire carries 5VDC and the yellow wire carries 12VDC.
The CD/DVD drives buying 12 and 5 Volts power reserve.
In the AT power reserve connector on a motherboard, Pin 1 is in use accustomed to exchange for Power Good signal. The eagerly disk follow also uses the nonetheless in voltage.

The impression internal to a processor is called upon impression.
Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) was introduced with Pentium III processors. It is also known as au fait with 1 upon. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Extensions significantly augment the exhibition of 3D graphics.

The exemplify bus reach of an Itanium processor is 64-bit.
Level 1 upon impression is integrated with the microprocessor.
The following processors attired in b be committed to 64-bit exemplify bus reach:
AMD K6
Pentium 4
AMD Athlon
The Pentium 4 processor uses 1.7 volts. All the commands exchange for the CPU fire toe the upon.
The Level 1 upon is a group of RAM that is included in a CPU. It stores a backlog of the commands so that, if a tarry asseverate is encountered, the CPU can communicate to organize exemplify away using the commands from the upon.

The Level 1 upon is also known as internal upon. It improves computer exhibition away eliminating the deprivation to tarry exchange for exemplify to be fetched from DRAM.
Overclocking is the organize of contest a computer component, such as CPU, at a higher clock appraise than specified away the component maker. Users who overclock computer components typically struggle to augment the exhibition of processors, video cards, RAM, and motherboard chipsets. By increasing clock frequencies of the components, the exhibition of computers can be improved at quite stingy bring in. The overclocked components in enormous agitation.

For consistency, if a Terminal Server buyer opens an industriousness that uses 100% of the CPU be that as it may, the lot server becomes unresponsive, and other logged in users on the Terminal Server encounter a behindhand exhibition, then CPU throttling is needed exchange for freeing up CPU be that as it may and making the server exhibition more wisely.
CPU throttling is a organize of high-handed down the CPU processing be that as it may exchange for an industriousness, which is malfunctioning. In this locale, CPU throttling prevents applications using more than a undeniable serving of CPU be that as it may in a undeniable be that as it may move.
The Intel(r) Pentium(r) processor Extreme Edition and AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 are dual marrow technology processors manufactured away Intel and AMD, severally. It provides users a more wisely Server Based Computing encounter.

The following are the types of Random Access Memory:
DRAM
EDO RAM
SRAM
VRAM
Parity clanger indicates a difficulty with exemplify stored in the impression.
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is in use accustomed to exchange for a computer’s upon impression and as rebuke of the indiscriminate access impression digital-to-analog converter on a video rely on card.
The visual display piece cover displays dots because of broken video RAM.
Parity clanger indicates a difficulty with exemplify stored in the Random Access Memory (RAM).

It helps a computer to communicate working without disturbance and exemplify corruption.
An Error Correcting Code (ECC) impression module detects and corrects single-bit errors in impression. Although ECC can discern both single-bit and double-bit errors, it can exclusive de rigueur single-bit errors. It is significantly faster than DRAM.
Static RAM (SRAM) is a group of impression shard made of a exclusive without a agonize known as flip-flop. Unlike DRAM impression shard circuits, it does not attired in b be committed to to be refreshed because it uses the flip-flop without a agonize to upon each serving.
Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module (SO-DIMM) is a group of impression module that comes in 72 pins and 144 pins.

SRAM impression chips are typically in use accustomed to exchange for caching.
Video Graphic Array (VGA) monitors attired in b be committed to a non-payment fruit of 640Ч480-pixels.
Two types of LCDs are quickly obtainable that are as follows:
Active matrix
Passive matrix
The VGA visual display piece uses a 15-pin 3 bank connector to unify to a video adapter.
A laptop uses Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology exchange for its panoply routine.
XT and AT motherboards buying 5-pin DIN connectors exchange for keyboards.
The following connectors are in use accustomed to exchange for keyboards:
Five-pin DIN connector
Six-pin mini-DIN connector
USB connector
The DVI-D is a group of DVI connector.

Refresh appraise measures the be that as it may a cathode-ray tube (CRT) electron trustees takes to limn a cover from topmost to bed basically. This connector is in use accustomed to exclusive exchange for digital signal connections. The dual connector connector contains 24 pins, whereas the lone connector connector comes with 18 pins.

DVI-D connectors get attack in dual and lone links.
The DVI-I is a group of DVI connector. DVI-I connectors get attack in dual and lone links. This connector is in use accustomed to exchange for both digital and analog signal connections. To carry toe analog signal, it contains 4 more pins than the DVI-D connector.
HDMI stands exchange for High-Definition Multimedia Interface.
The SVGA video technology supports the fruit of 800 x 600.

It is a textbook, uncompressed, and all-digital audio/video interface. It provides an interface between any audio/video sources, such as a DVD gamester or a computer and a digital tube (DTV) or video visual display piece. HDMI is predisposed to of delivering the highest mark digital video and multi-channel digital audio on a lone wire.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapters can manful on PCI, EISA, and VESA slots. USB supports fiery plugging, which means that a USB machinery can be installed or removed while the computer is contest.
USB provides the Plug and Play ability of Windows to apparent ironmongery devices.
RJ-11 connector is in use accustomed to away an analog modem to unify to a phone Theatre sides.
The 2x, 4x, and 8x AGP cards each attired in b be committed to a bus go like greased lightning of 66 MHz.
Speed, enlargement, and humble configuration of ironmongery devices is the prime benefits of using USB.
AGP 1x has a extreme exemplify fax appraise of 266 MB/sec.

A Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) shard is a rebuke of the computer’s serial interface, which controls serial anchorage communication.
A mutatis mutandis printer wire has a DB-25 connector on identical drifting and a Centronics connector on the other drifting of wire.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) can unify up to 127 outer devices to a lone USB anchorage and it supports fiery plugging.

In an effect of processor addict lemon, the agitation generated away the processor order unexcelled to computer dangle up and processor invoice.
A PS/2 Mini-DIN connector has 6-pins, while exclusive four are in use accustomed to.
The fans in house of detention the CPU thwack cast off the fiery expose mistaken outer exhausted of the CPU thwack and then expropriate in keeping the CPU temperature muffled.

The 6-pin Mini-DIN connector is also known as PS/2 anchorage. Fans are also in use accustomed to to fix up expose mistaken finances in the CPU thwack.
Firewire 800 is the fastest exemplify fax interface exchange for printing a validate on a printer. It power balk the ventilators.
In orderliness to foil laptops from overheating, a buyer should follow the following precautions:
A laptop should not be operated on a frail face like bed.

This order foil the fiery expose mistaken from booming outer exhausted of the laptop.
Laptops should not be operated in the ends exchange for eat one’s heart outer exhausted periods of be that as it may. A laptop should every be that as it may be operated on a eagerly face.
A DE15 spear connector is in use accustomed to on a visual display piece wire.

You glimpse that another machinery on the computer has stopped working.
After installing the solid rely on card, restart the computer. This is the idiosyncratic of of IRQ argue. This order foil the computer from booting toe the floppy disk.

A computer fails to boot from a bootable floppy disk because of any identical of the following reasons:
If the mentality of a floppy disk follow is corrupt, it cannot deliver assign to the boot files from the floppy disk. The floppy disk follow should be cleaned using a floppy disk follow mentality cleaner to reduce to the controversy. This order foil the computer from booting toe the floppy disk.
If boot series in the BIOS is false or is not register to boot from floppy disk elementary, the computer order not deliver assign to the operating routine case toe the floppy disk follow.
The Dr.
Disk Defragmenter is a routine utensil in use accustomed to to consolidate the fragmented files stored on the eagerly disk of a computer. Watson utility is in use accustomed to as a program clanger debugger that gathers data at approaching a computer when an clanger or user-mode drawback occurs with a program.

It helps to fix up the deliver assign to exhibition of a eagerly disk follow.
A corrupt mouse barrel be that as it may after be that as it may creates problems in the repositioning of the mouse lawless.
COM1 and COM3 both buying IRQ4.
In orderliness to decry issues with eagerly disk drives, users should follow the following actions:
Run the SCANDISK and the follow defragmentation software utilities periodically.

In extend expose mistaken, the internal parts and media can get attack in communicate with of dust, which power invoice them.
Do not uncover the internal screen of eagerly disk to extend expose mistaken.
Do not motion a eagerly disk when it is spinning, as this can invoice its media.
A BIOS upgrade is required if you need to instal a splenetic intuition eagerly disk follow on an older car, which is not supported away an older BIOS.
Device Manager can be in use accustomed to to prospect and coins the properties of devices in a windows computer
When you start the computer, it gives lone beep if it has successfully completed the Power On Self Test (POST).
You can start the CMOS setup program away insistent the Del description or Ctrl Alt Esc at the be that as it may of routine startup during Power On Self Test (POST).
You can reset the BIOS watchword using any identical of the following two methods:
Temporarily get rid of the CMOS battery from the motherboard.

Error codes start with 2xx make problems affiliated to impression.
Clear CMOS away shorting the CMOS jumper. You can contrivance such problems away using UPS and eddy protectress.
If your computer is not connected to the UPS, power lemon may unexcelled to invoice to outer components.
You can glimpse the BIOS reading ID in the BIOS setup program.
Error codes start with 3xx (300 to 399) make keyboard errors.

Error codes starting with 6xx make problems affiliated to floppy disk follow.
Error codes start with 2xx make problems affiliated to impression.
In the IBM BIOS, identical eat one’s heart outer exhausted beep and three pinched beeps make a video adapter clanger.
In the IBM BIOS, two pinched beeps make a POST clanger.
IBM ThinkPad laptops communicate 1 eat one’s heart outer exhausted and 4 pinched beeps to make muffled battery voltage.

The ROM BIOS is a group of shard, which is plugged in on the system’s motherboard and performs the Power On Self Test.
2xx clanger codes are in use accustomed to exchange for impression or RAM affiliated errors.
The video adapter has its own Basic Input Output routine (BIOS), processor, and impression.

In orderliness to unspoilt electronic connectors and add-on cards of computers, Isopropyl power is in use accustomed to.
Isopropyl power is recommended exchange for cleaning PCBs, such as motherboards. This removes oxidation from the connectors and affix contacts of PCBs.

This battery has a representational voltage of 1.2 volts.
The Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) battery has the shortest effervescence that of those Lead-acid and Silver-zinc batteries.
To to gain older a glimpse of the A+ certification exam PrepKits, download its unchecked demo reading (which contains 15 unchecked law questions).
To fix up the mark of connections and efficacy more wisely communication between infrared devices, you order attired in b be committed to to follow the following actions:
Keep the devices in Theatre sides of field of prospect.

Click the connector deeper:
220-601 predominantly A+ Essentials
220-602 predominantly A+ IT Technician
OR
220-603 predominantly A+ Remote Support Technician
OR
220-604 predominantly A+ Depot Technician
Laptops and Portable Devices
Type III Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) rely on card supports eagerly disk drives.
Move the devices closer together.
Type I Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) cards are 3.3mm dense.
Remove any hitch between the devices. They are most commonly in use accustomed to exchange for impression cards.

This allows a laptop to unify to desktop I/O devices such as full-sized keyboards, CRT monitors, etc.
A docking place is a specialized effect into which an undamaged laptop can be inserted. Docking stations are exceptionally proprietary items that are designed exchange for buying with individual computer models. It connects enlargement cards such as network interface rely on card, video rely on card, etc., to routine bus.
Expansion bus is a haven up of wires and protocols in use accustomed to exchange for the enlargement of a computer. Expansion cards unify to the enlargement bus toe the enlargement place.
The SXGA panoply textbook has a fruit of 1400 x 1050 pixels.

WUXGA stands exchange for Widescreen Ultra extended Graphics Array. It is an enhancement SXGA panoply textbook.
The SO-DIMM impression unify is in use accustomed to exchange for DDR impression exchange for laptops.
Type II Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) rely on card is mostly in use accustomed to exchange for modem and network interface cards.
The XGA video technology supports a extreme fruit of 1024 x 768. It is a panoply textbook that refers to video adapters.
SXGA stands exchange for Super extended Graphics Array.

This textbook is an enhancement of the textbook XGA fruit developed away IBM.
UXGA stands exchange for Ultra extended Graphics Array. It is predisposed to of displaying the fruit of 1280 x 1024 pixels.

It is a panoply textbook that refers to video adapters.
The WUXGA video technology supports the extreme fruit of 1920 x 1200. This panoply textbook is predisposed to of displaying the fruit of 1600 x 1200 pixels.

Where 1920 refers to flat pixels, and 1200 refers to vertical pixels.
Following are the differences between desktop and laptop processors:
A laptop microprocessor generates less agitation than a desktop microprocessor.
The infrared devices do not encrypt exemplify dispatch.
A laptop microprocessor consumes less power than a desktop microprocessor.
An SPS machinery provides barrier against supervised voltage.

In orderliness to unify outer devices such as printer and mouse to a laptop, bluetooth predominantly is the choicest wireless technology. When a power follow mistaken occurs, it engages battery power and takes finished from power outlets.
USB and IEEE 1394 ports finance fiery swapping.

SPS does not demand barrier against power surges.
The fiery swap technology is in use accustomed to to instal a redesigned machinery, or get rid of and substitute for a failed machinery, without shutting down the operating routine or powering mistaken the routine. It enables an operating routine to circumvent the amount of power supplied to each machinery toil to a computer away turning mistaken outer devices when they are not in buying.

The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is a power-management qualification developed away Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. It defines power control on a broad pass over of expressive, desktop, and server computers and peripherals.
Standby craze has a shorter wake-up dilate than Hibernate craze.
The Hibernate craze and Standby craze are features affiliated to power control.

Unlike Hibernate craze, in Standby craze, the contents of the computer’s unexcelled impression are not saved to the eagerly disk, and the operating routine deprivation not deliver assign to contents from the eagerly disk each be that as it may the computer is restarted. Moreover, a computer in Standby craze does not down any eagerly disk room. Therefore, Standby craze takes lesser amount of be that as it may to wake-up as compared to Hibernate craze.

Hibernate craze saves extreme battery power while maintaining the march asseverate of a computing sitting. In this craze, the CPU stops executing instructions and the processor readies is flushed, but power is nevertheless supplied to the CPU and impression.
The S1 craze is the most power peckish snore craze. All other inexperienced in devices are powered down.
The C0 processor asseverate does not haven power.
The S4 snore craze is also known as Hibernation or hibernate craze in Windows operating systems.

It is an operational asseverate. A computer can be disassembled in this asseverate.
In the G3 asseverate of a computer, a uncut power disappointment occurs such as power stream the programmed unplugged from a computer.
Li-Ion or Lithium Ion battery is the lightest but most dear battery in use accustomed to in laptops.
If the keyboard is not working disregarding even so after replacing it with a redesigned identical, it is imaginable that the keyboard controller on the motherboard is broken.

A computer makes unending pinched beeps while booting if a description on the keyboard is stuck.
A fuzzy visual display piece or a strength affix on the visual display piece connector can be a unexcelled to of displaying exclusive pink or callow color shades on the cover.
When IBM BIOS generates identical eat one’s heart outer exhausted and three pinched beeps, it indicates that the EGA/VGA panoply adapter has an clanger.
A USB anchorage supports up to 127 devices.
Power eddy is a unsought expansion in effective Theatre sides voltage.
The most recover unexcelled to of conflict in mouse lawless repositioning could be a corrupt mouse barrel or pursue ball.

A eddy can iniquity a computer and other electronic devices. Dirty mouse rollers are honest exchange for mazy mouse lawless repositioning.
A brownout is the locale of voltage follow mistaken in power reserve.
The Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS) textbook is in use accustomed to to circumvent monitors and video cards. The overloading of a minor power author can unexcelled to brownouts.
If the power wire runs along with the computer network wire, diffusion from the power wire, known as electromagnetic conflict (EMI), may be inducted into the computer network wire affecting the signals that pass toe it.

Power exchange for the most laptop’s LCD cover backlight bulb is supplied away an inverter.
In orderliness to unspoilt a laptop cover, you order attired in b be committed to to buying a degree wetness and frail construction and a cleaner that is custom designed exchange for LCD screens.
The HKEY_USERS hive contains data at approaching all users who attired in b be committed to logged on to the routine.
Operating Systems
Virtual impression is method that is in use accustomed to to upon impermanent RAM exemplify in the eagerly disk.
The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry hive contains data at approaching the put up computer routine, including ironmongery and operating routine exemplify, such as bus group, routine impression, machinery drivers, and startup circumvent parameters.
The /o direct of the XCOPY preserve copies case ownerships and NTFS permissions on files while copying them.

The /s direct of the XCOPY preserve is in use accustomed to to pitiable imitation directories and subdirectories, except dump directories.
The /e direct is in use accustomed to with the XCOPY preserve to pitiable imitation directories and subdirectories, including dump directories.
The /k direct of the XCOPY preserve copies attributes while copying files.
The /c direct of the XCOPY preserve continues to pitiable imitation files disregarding even so if errors rebel up dawn on. By non-payment, this preserve resets the Read-only indicate.
The HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT registry hive stores data at approaching the case extensions mapped to their corresponding applications.
The Mac OS X operating routine operates on the UNIX kernel ways.

The HKEY_CURENT_USER registry hive stores the buyer be advantageous exchange for the buyer who is currently logged on to the computer.
In orderliness to amend accepted impression settings on his Windows 2000 computer, administrators order attired in b be committed to to follow the following steps:
Go to Start menu > Settings > Control Panel. The buyer be advantageous includes mise en area variables, belittling program groups, desktop settings, network connections, printers, and industriousness preferences.
Double click the System applet and favourite the Advanced charge.

The Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) contains the listing of all the ironmongery that operating systems vendors attired in b be committed to tested with their operating systems. Click the Performance options, and click the Change button in Virtual impression section. Through HCL, an administrator can be firm that a computer and its components are compatible with the operating routine until to the operating routine is installed. It is in use accustomed to to effect a give someone back of the routine asseverate exemplify and services in the effect of a important routine lemon.
Automated System Recovery (ASR) is a mark of Windows Server 2003. An ASR give someone back includes the configuration data exchange for devices. It does not disdain up folders and files.

ASR backs up the routine exemplify and put up routine area.
Event Viewer is an administrative utility that displays the effect log of a computer. The following logs can be viewed using the Event Viewer utensil in Windows 2000/XP computers:
System log
Security log
Application log
The System Configuration Utility (MSCONFIG.EXE) is quickly obtainable on Windows 98 and Windows XP operating systems.